The photovoltaic facade

THEsustainable architecture aims to design buildings with low environmental impact.
A low environmental impact building is a building designed to promote sustainability throughout its life cycle: from design to demolition to recycling of materials.
Furthermore, the eco-sustainable building pays maximum attention to the concept of energy efficiency. Elements such as the photovoltaic facade represent one of the many solutions currently achievable.

Eco-sustainable design

Eco-sustainable design has key points to respect to limit the environmental impact of buildings, achieve energy efficiency, minimize the use of available resources without neglecting living comfort and design.
Buildings are responsible for about 60% of national energy consumption. Higher energy consumption means higher consumption of resources and emissions into the atmosphere. That's why reducing emissions is essential and exploiting renewable energy is vital!

Key points of eco-sustainable design

To design in an eco-sustainable way, it is necessary to respect key points of considerable importance:

• building orientation: important to ensure maximum use of solar hours and therefore avoid resorting to artificial lighting and, at the same time, a well-oriented building is a building that increases the individual's living comfort;
• energy efficiency: a building has good energy efficiency if it adopts solutions and technologies capable of minimising energy consumption for its daily energy needs;
• sustainable materials: choose materials that have a low environmental impact, that are recyclable and not harmful to humans and the environment;
• renewable energy sources: renewable energy is all that comes from natural resources and is generated constantly according to natural cycles. 
  Among the various sources of renewable energy, solar energy is certainly the main source of energy for life on Earth.

The photovoltaic facade

Photovoltaics allows you to exploit solar energy to produce electricity in a sustainable way.
Generally, when we talk about photovoltaic systems, we immediately think of a system positioned on the roof of the house. Although these types of systems are the most widespread solution, they are not the only alternative. In fact, photovoltaic facades are becoming increasingly widespread.

What is the photovoltaic facade? 

The photovoltaic facade is the winning combination of architecture and technology for the production of renewable energy.
Covering the facade of a building with photovoltaic panels means having a much larger collecting surface available than the roof surface, and will therefore allow the production of greater renewable energy.

Types of photovoltaic facade

Technically we can distinguish two installation systems:

• BAPV (Building Attached Photovoltaic)
• BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic)

The BAPV system consists of installing photovoltaic panels on existing surfaces. It is generally used in energy requalification projects.
In this case the photovoltaic panels are part of the building but do not replace the materials or architectural components that compose it.

The BIPV system, on the other hand, consists of replacing the architectural element where its installation is planned (examples are photovoltaic windows and photovoltaic tiles).

Installation of photovoltaic facade

Photovoltaic facades require careful design for optimal results in terms of energy efficiency.
During the design phase it is a good idea to evaluate:

• solar exposure: facades facing south-east and south-west are certainly the best because they receive the greatest amount of daily sunlight;
• the surrounding situation: evaluate possible shading due to nearby buildings or other obstacles that may prevent direct radiation on the facade;
• correct choice of system: it is necessary to evaluate the climatic characteristics of the place to choose the most suitable photovoltaic system.

Types of panels for photovoltaic systems for facades

There are different types of photovoltaic panels for facades on the market. The choice will be guided not only by the right design, but also by aesthetic taste.
In particular we can distinguish:

• modules to polycrystalline silicon;
• forms thin film;
• panels flexible photovoltaic;
• facades photovoltaic ventilated.

Polycrystalline silicon modules are more efficient. However, due to their aesthetic appearance, they are not always chosen to be installed on building facades.
Thin film models are the most flexible. Although they are less efficient than polycrystalline silicon modules, they are often used in facades because their flexibility allows them to cover even irregular surfaces.
Flexible photovoltaic panels are an evolution of thin film models. In fact, they are even thinner, more flexible and lighter.
Photovoltaic ventilated facades are composed of thin film technology panels instead of window glass.

The system must be in harmony with the building, in addition to functionality it must guarantee aesthetic value and design.

The integrated photovoltaic facade

The European Community develops environmental sustainability plans, proposing guidelines that can develop integrated design solutions with photovoltaic technologies. Modern architecture therefore seeks to reconcile aesthetics and ecology.
In the most technologically advanced cities, imposing photovoltaic facades are making their appearance.
La Polytechnic School of Lausanne, for example, was the first to use a glass facade system composed of dye-sensitized photovoltaics.
These cells, invented in 1991 by Prof. Michael Gratzel, are able to produce the principles of photosynthesis in plants and produce energy regardless of the angle of solar incidence.
Another example is the Hanwha Headquarters in Seoul, where the facades feature a system of panels and windows arranged in such a way as to make the most of the daily movements of the sun.
Another very valid example is the'Intesa Sanpaolo office building which bears the signature of Renzo Piano. The building is powered by electricity produced from renewable sources and by 1.600 square meters of photovoltaic panels and is the greenest skyscraper in Italy.

Other BIPV elements

In addition to photovoltaic facades, there are other elements that can make the building even more eco-sustainable.
Photovoltaic balcony parapets, photovoltaic tiles, photovoltaic canopies and photovoltaic balustrades are just a few examples of architecturally integrated photovoltaics.

“The most important inspiration for architects today is the fragility of the earth. It is a sign of dynamism, a way of looking at tomorrow without being terrified. After all, the future is the only place we can go.”

Renzo Piano